Wrong. And Recent Apple Juice Tragedy Could Have Been Averted
Warning: This product is 100% natural, is not pasteurized and contains no preservatives. It may contain harmful bacteria.
Would you drink apple juice labeled like this? Would you give it to your baby? But the juice wasn't labeled, people did drink it, and now 48 are in the hospital and one--a 16-month-old baby girl from Denver has died.
Such tragedies are senseless. We have the means to prevent them: pasteurization. If pasteurization is not used, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) should mandate a warning label on any unpasteurized products.
An E. coli infection (E. coli 0157:H7) is not a simple case of nausea and mild diarrhea. Victims suffer from acute abdominal pain and frequently have bloody stools. It can't be treated by antibiotics.
Children Most Susceptible To E. Coli Complications
The bacteria attach to intestinal cells and produce an extremely potent toxin. Approximately 10% of patients with such infections develop acute kidney failure and other serious problems that can be fatal. Young children are the most susceptible to such complications.
Pasteurization destroys E. coli, and milk pasteurization is mandated in almost every state. It protects against microorganisms like E coli and salmonella and diseases like tuberculosis.
Pasteurization is the destruction of disease-causing microorganisms in a food. It may be accomplished by heating or irradiating the food.
Some people object to heat pasteurization because they say it causes loss of nutrients from the food. This is true, but typically loss is minimal. Fresh orange juice, for example, contains about 125 milligrams of vitamin C per cup; when pasteurized, the juice has about 90. The recommended dietary allowance of vitamin C is 60 mg for an adult, so one glass still provides plenty.
Apple juice is not a major source of Vitamin C, providing only about 5 mg per cup if fresh, and 2 mg if pasteurized. No one should be counting on any sort of unsupplemented apple juice for their vitamin C---pasteurized or not.
Another objection to heat pasteurization is that the flavor of the juice is altered. But if the apple juice is used in multi-juice drink, as it was in the products that caused an E. Coli outbreak in several western states earlier this year, it is unlikely that the flavor change could be detected--even with heat pasteurization.
Pasteurization By Irradiation
An alternative to heat that would preserve flavor is pasteurization by irradiation. Food irradiation was approved by the World Health Organization more than 10 years ago, has been approved by the U.S. government for a variety of foods, and its use has been supported by groups such as the American Medical Association, American Dietetics Association and American Gastroenterological Association. But it is not yet widely used in this country. It is not a heat-producing process, does not make the food radioactive, and will kill E. coli, salmonella and other pathogenic bacteria.
E. coli first came to public attention in 1993 due to an outbreak associated with eating hamburgers. More than 700 people became ill, 178 were hospitalized, 56 children developed kidney failure, and four died. Though similar outbreaks continue to occur, the U.S. food industry and government regulators have not taken full advantage of the technologies that could enhance the safety of our food.
My heart goes out to the families who have lost loved ones from E. coli infections. As a scientist, I know the risks associated with unpasturized products. My family and I have enjoyed fresh apple juice, but never again. I am appalled that fresh juice without warning labels is still on the market, and that people are also served under-cooked hamburger.
People must not be mislead into thinking that natural is automatically safe. Technologies are protective. Pasteurization by heat or irradiation destroys bacteria that can lead to illness or death. Health authorities should require safe and adequate processing, and they should move swiftly to permit the safe use of new technologies.
And until such technologies are in place, warning labels should allow people to make informed choices. Consumers should be able to choose safety-enhanced heat or irradiation-pasteurized foods.
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By DR. CHRISTINE BRUHN
Dr. Bruhn, Ph.D., is scientific advisor to the American Council on Science and Health
AMERICAN COUNCIL ON SCIENCE AND HEALTH
The following groups have contributed to ACSH in the past according to ACSH's 1991 annual report. ACSH stopped disclosing corporate donors in the early 1990s.
$25,000 and above
* American Cyanamid Company
* Anheuser-Busch Foundation
* General Electric Foundation
* Rollin M. Gerstacker Foundation
* ICI Agricultural Products, Inc.
* ISK Biotech Corporation
* Kraft, Inc.
* Monsanto Fund
* The NutraSweet Company
* John M. Olin Foundation, Inc.
* Pfizer, Inc.
* Sarah Scalfe Foundation Incorporated
* The Starr Foundation
$15,000 to $24,000
* Archer Daniels Midland Company
* Carnation Company
* Ciba-Geigy Corporation
* Ethyl Corporation
* Exxon Corporation
* General Mills, Inc.
* Heublein Inc.
* Hiram Walker-Allied Vintners
* Johnson & Johnson
* Kellogg Company
* The Esther A. and Joseph Klingenstein Fund, Inc.
* Malysian Palm Oil Promotion Council
* National Starch and Chemical Foundation, Inc.
* PepsiCo Foundation Inc.
* Union Carbide Corporation
$10,000 to $14,999
* Aetna Foundation, Inc.
* The Bristol-Myers Squibble Foundation, Inc
* Chevron Corporation
* Dow Chemical U.S.A
* E. I. DuPont De Nemours & Company
* FMC Foundation
* The Gerber Companies Foundation
* Hershey Foods Corporation Fund
* Thomas J. Lipton Foundation, Inc
* National Agricultural Chemicals Association
* National Soft Drink Association
* The Procter & Gamble Fund
* Rohm & Haas Company
* Joseph R. Seagram &Sons, Inc
* Searle Charitable Trust
* Shell Oil Company Foundation
* Sterling Winthrop Inc
* The Sugar Association, Inc.
* Uniroyal Chemical Company, Inc.
$5,000 to $9,999
* Alcoa Foundation
* Allied-Signal Foundation Inc.
* Amax Foundation, Inc.
* The Becton Dickinson Foundation
* Campbell Soup Fund
* Cargrill Fertilizer Division
* The Coca-Cola Company
* Cooper Industries Foundation
* Supporting Member
* Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc.
* Distilled Spirits Council of the United States
* Ford Motor Company Fund
* Frito-Lay, Inc.
* Georgia-Pacific Corporation
* Heinz U.S.A
* IMC Fertilizer, Inc.
* KPMG Peat Marwick
* McCormick & Company, Inc.
* Mobil Foundation
* National Live Stock & Meat Board
* Olin Corporation Charitable Trust
* PPG Industries Foundation
* Pepsi-Cola Company
* The Reader's Digest Association, Inc.
* Simpson Fund
* The Stare Fund
* Sun Company, Inc.
* USX Foundation Inc.
* The Warner-Lambert Foundation
100% ummm who is paying the bills?
Appetizers
Cream of Mushroom Soup
hydrazines
Fresh Relish Tray
Carrots
aniline, caffeic acid
Cherry Tomatoes
benzaldehyde, caffeic acid, hydrogen peroxide, quercetin glycosides
Celery
caffeic acid, furan derivatives, psoralens
Assorted Nuts
Mixed Roasted Nuts
aflatoxin, furfural
Green Salad
Tossed Lettuce and Arugula with Basil-Mustard Vinaigrette
allyl isothiocyanate, caffeic acid, estragole, methyl eugenol
Entrees
Roast Turkey
heterocyclic amines
Bread Stuffing (with onions, celery, black pepper & mushrooms)
acrylamide, ethyl alcohol, benzo(a)pyrene, ethyl carbamate, furan derivatives, furfural, dihydrazines, d-limonene, psoralens, quercetin glycosides, safrole
Cranberry Sauce
furan derivatives
or
Prime Rib of Beef with Parsley Sauce
benzene, heterocyclic amines, psoralens
Vegetables
Broccoli Spears
allyl isothiocyanate
Baked Potato
ethyl alcohol, caffeic acid
Sweet Potato
ethyl alcohol, furfural
Rolls with Butter
acetaldehyde, benzene, ethyl alcohol, benzo(a)pyrene, ethyl carbamate, furan derivatives, furfural
Desserts
Pumpkin Pie
benzo(a)pyrene, coumarin, methyl eugenol, safrole
Apple Pie
acetaldehyde, caffeic acid, coumarin, estragole, ethyl alcohol, methyl eugenol, quercetin glycosides, safrole
Fruit Tray
Fresh Apples, Grapes, Mangos, Pears, Pineapple
acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, caffeic acid, d-limonene, estragole, ethyl acrylate, quercetin glycosides
Beverages
Red Wine, White Wine
ethyl alcohol, ethyl carbamate
Coffee
benzo(a)pyrene, benzaldehyde, benzene, benzofuran, caffeic acid, catechol, 1,2,5,6-dibenz(a)anthracene, ethyl benzene, furan, furfural, hydrogen peroxide, hydroquinone, d-limonene, 4-methylcatechol
Tea
benzo(a)pyrene, quercetin glycosides
Jasmine Tea
benzyl acetate
NATURALLY OCCURRING MUTAGENS and CARCINOGENS FOUND in FOODS and BEVERAGES
Acetaldehyde (apples, bread, coffee, tomatoes)—mutagen and potent rodent carcinogen
Acrylamide (bread, rolls)—rodent and human neurotoxin; rodent carcinogen
Aflatoxin (nuts)—mutagen and potent rodent carcinogen; also a human carcinogen
Allyl isothiocyanate (arugula, broccoli, mustard)—mutagen and rodent carcinogen
Aniline (carrots)—rodent carcinogen
Benzaldehyde (apples, coffee, tomatoes)—rodent carcinogen
Benzene (butter, coffee, roast beef)—rodent carcinogen
Benzo(a)pyrene (bread, coffee, pumpkin pie, rolls, tea)—mutagen and rodent carcinogen
Benzofuran (coffee)—rodent carcinogen
Benzyl acetate (jasmine tea)—rodent carcinogen
Caffeic acid (apples, carrots, celery, cherry tomatoes, cof-fee, grapes, lettuce, mangos, pears, potatoes)—rodent carcinogen
Catechol (coffee)—rodent carcinogen
Coumarin (cinnamon in pies)—rodent carcinogen
1,2,5,6-dibenz(a)anthracene (coffee)—rodent carcinogen
Estragole (apples, basil)—rodent carcinogen
Ethyl alcohol (bread, red wine, rolls)—rodent and human carcinogen
Ethyl acrylate (pineapple)—rodent carcinogen
Ethyl benzene (coffee)—rodent carcinogen
Ethyl carbamate (bread, rolls, red wine)—mutagen and rodent carcinogen
Furan and furan derivatives (bread, onions, celery, mushrooms, sweet potatoes, rolls, cranberry sauce, coffee)—many are mutagens
Furfural (bread, coffee, nuts, rolls, sweet potatoes)—furan derivative and rodent carcinogen
Heterocyclic amines (roast beef, turkey)—mutagens and rodent carcinogens
Hydrazines (mushrooms)—mutagens and rodent carcinogens
Hydrogen peroxide (coffee, tomatoes)—mutagen and rodent carcinogen
Hydroquinone (coffee)—rodent carcinogen
d-limonene (black pepper, mangos)—rodent carcinogen
4-methylcatechol (coffee)—rodent carcinogen
Methyl eugenol (basil, cinnamon and nutmeg in apple and pumpkin pies)—rodent carcinogen
Psoralens (celery, parsley)—mutagens; rodent and human carcinogens
Quercetin glycosides (apples, onions, tea, tomatoes)—mutagens and rodent carcinogens
Safrole (nutmeg in apple and pumpkin pies, black pepper)—rodent carcinogen